In this study Roberta Lynn uses two interlinking frameworks to address her own family’s history of historical trauma. The first framework focuses on six phases of unresolved grief over several generations, starting with European Contact. The second framework addresses healing oneself and then healing family. In this portion the author describes Ni mii puu culture and life before colonization. Three questions guided the author’s data collection and analysis: (1) How has my family experienced and survived historical trauma?; (2) How have my family’s responses to historical trauma contributed to the silencing of our family story?; and (3) How might the family release the trauma and wipe its tears and heal the generational wounds?

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Source: Tow-le-kit-we-son-my Paul, Roberta Lynn, Historical Trauma and Its Effects on a Ni Mii Puu Family Finding Story-Healing. Washington: Gonzaga University, 2007.